Decoding the Directive Words to Clear UPSC Mains Exam

“Master the art of answering UPSC Mains questions by understanding directive words. Our guide helps you decode and effectively respond to each directive for success.” – Rajendra Mohwiya Sir

(1) Explain

Explain is a commonly used directive in UPSC Mains that requires candidates to provide a detailed, clear, and systematic explanation of a concept, event, or phenomenon. The focus is on simplifying complex ideas by breaking them down into key components and addressing the underlying causes or mechanisms. The candidate should provide a well-structured, coherent response that ensures a thorough understanding of the subject.

When asked to “Explain,” the answer should not only describe what the concept is but also delve into how it functions and why it is significant. This involves elaborating on the factors responsible for its occurrence, its working mechanisms, and its implications. The objective is to make the examiner fully understand the intricacies of the topic by exploring various dimensions.

A good answer under this directive should maintain logical flow and clarity. Start by introducing the topic, briefly defining it, and then proceed to discuss the causes, processes, or characteristics in detail. Ensure that the answer highlights the broader impact or relevance of the issue. The response should be factually correct, concise, and insightful, avoiding superficial or vague descriptions.

It’s also crucial to relate the explanation to relevant real-world examples, which helps illustrate the concept more effectively. The use of examples from current events, historical cases, or constitutional provisions enriches the explanation and gives it a practical grounding.

(2) Discuss

In the UPSC Mains exam, directive words play a crucial role in guiding the structure and depth of an answer. One of the most common directive words is “Discuss.” This term requires a balanced presentation of various perspectives on a given topic. Candidates are expected to examine different dimensions, provide arguments, and explore implications before arriving at a conclusion.

When answering a “Discuss” question, the response should delve into multiple facets of the topic. It’s not enough to just describe or list facts; the candidate must analyze key points and present an informed view. For example, in the question “Discuss the challenges of urbanization in India” (UPSC Mains 2018), candidates are expected to highlight both the opportunities and challenges posed by urbanization, such as economic growth, infrastructural stress, and environmental degradation.

The structure of a “Discuss” answer should follow a clear format. Begin with a brief introduction that defines the topic or provides its background. In the main body, explore different perspectives or arguments related to the issue. For example, in a question like “Discuss the role of pressure groups in Indian democracy” (UPSC Mains 2019), the answer should consider how pressure groups influence policy-making, raise awareness, and sometimes contribute to political disruption.

After presenting different views, it’s important to link them logically and provide a cohesive analysis. The answer should cover various aspects of the issue, supported by facts and examples. For instance, “Discuss the impact of globalization on India’s economy” (UPSC Mains 2017) would require a discussion on both positive impacts (like economic growth) and negative effects (such as income inequality).

Finally, a well-rounded conclusion should summarize the key points and provide a balanced viewpoint. The ability to effectively interpret and respond to directive words like “discuss” is key to maximizing scores in the UPSC Mains exam.

(3) Comment

In UPSC Mains, the directive word “Comment” requires candidates to express their informed opinion on a given statement or issue. The emphasis is on presenting a balanced view, backed by relevant facts, interpretations, and analysis. Unlike “Discuss,” which explores different perspectives in depth, “Comment” invites a focused evaluation of the statement, supported by evidence.

When answering a “Comment” question, the response should briefly explain the context and provide an insightful analysis of the topic. For example, in the question “The Supreme Court of India’s judgment in the Aadhaar case has been hailed as a milestone in protecting citizens’ rights. Comment” (UPSC Mains 2018), candidates should address the key features of the Aadhaar judgment, its impact on privacy rights, and its significance for governance.

The structure of the response should be clear and concise. Start by briefly introducing the issue or statement, followed by an analysis of its implications. A “Comment” answer doesn’t require an exhaustive analysis of every angle but focuses on the most relevant aspects. For instance, in the question “The rise of regional political parties has strengthened democracy in India. Comment” (UPSC Mains 2020), candidates can focus on how regional parties enhance representation but also highlight the challenges of coalition politics.

Additionally, a well-structured “Comment” response involves offering a balanced judgment. For example, in the question “Judicial activism has played a crucial role in protecting fundamental rights. Comment” (UPSC Mains 2019), candidates should weigh both the positive outcomes of judicial activism and the concerns over judicial overreach.

Finally, a conclusion should summarize the analysis, offering a reasoned opinion. Mastering “Comment” helps candidates deliver precise and well-supported opinions, which are crucial for success in UPSC Mains.

(4) Assess

In UPSC Mains, the directive “Assess” requires candidates to evaluate the significance, impact, or effectiveness of a concept, policy, or event. This directive asks candidates to make a judgment based on evidence, weighing both the positive and negative aspects. The answer should focus on analyzing the overall value or contribution of the subject, taking into account its context and relevance.

When answering an “Assess” question, it is important to provide a clear introduction that outlines the key aspects of the topic. For example, in the question “Assess the impact of globalization on India’s economy” (UPSC Mains 2017), candidates should begin by briefly defining globalization and its influence on India’s economy, followed by an evaluation of its positive and negative consequences.

In the main body, a detailed analysis is necessary. Focus on different dimensions such as economic growth, employment, income inequality, and cultural changes. A balanced assessment should consider both the benefits and challenges associated with the topic. For example, while globalization has enhanced foreign direct investment (FDI) and technological advancements in India, it has also led to concerns about widening income gaps and erosion of traditional industries.

A well-structured “Assess” answer should provide evidence to support the judgment. For example, in “Assess the effectiveness of the Swachh Bharat Mission” (UPSC Mains 2020), candidates should include statistics and reports on sanitation coverage and behavioral changes, along with challenges like sustainability and funding issues.

The conclusion should sum up the evaluation, providing a reasoned judgment on the overall impact or effectiveness of the subject. In “Assess the role of the Public Accounts Committee in promoting accountability” (UPSC Mains 2021), candidates should conclude with a judgment on the committee’s efficacy in strengthening financial oversight.

(5) Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer

In UPSC Mains, the directive “Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer” requires candidates to take a clear stance on a statement or proposition, supported by logical reasoning and evidence. This directive tests the ability to formulate a well-supported opinion on a specific issue and to justify it with relevant arguments.

When responding to a question with this directive, start by clearly stating your agreement or disagreement with the given statement. For example, if the question is “Do you agree that the Public Distribution System (PDS) has significantly improved food security in India? Give reasons for your answer” (UPSC Mains 2019), you should begin by stating whether you agree or disagree with the statement.

Following your initial stance, the main body of your answer should present a detailed justification. This includes providing arguments, citing evidence, and discussing the implications of the statement. For instance, in the PDS example, if you agree, discuss how the system has improved access to food for the poor, citing relevant data or reports. If you disagree, explain the limitations and challenges faced by the PDS, such as inefficiencies and leakages.

It’s important to address counterarguments or alternative views to demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the topic. This balanced approach strengthens your position and shows critical thinking. For example, while agreeing with the PDS’s impact, acknowledge issues like corruption and distribution inefficiencies.

Conclude by summarizing your reasons and reinforcing your stance. A clear and concise conclusion ties together your arguments and reiterates your position effectively.

(6) Account for

In UPSC Mains, the directive “Account for” requires candidates to explain the reasons or factors contributing to a particular situation, phenomenon, or trend. This directive is focused on providing a detailed explanation of how and why something has occurred, rather than evaluating its effectiveness or discussing its implications. It emphasizes understanding the underlying causes and providing a comprehensive rationale.

When answering a question with “Account for,” start by clearly identifying the subject or issue in question. For example, if the prompt is “Account for the rise in urban population in India” (UPSC Mains 2018), begin by outlining the key factors that have contributed to the increasing urbanization, such as rural-urban migration, economic opportunities in cities, and infrastructure development.

The main body of the answer should delve into the specific reasons or factors. This might include demographic trends, economic policies, social changes, or environmental influences. For instance, in the case of urban population growth, discuss factors like improved transportation, better healthcare, and educational facilities in urban areas that attract people from rural regions.

Use relevant data and examples to substantiate your explanation. Providing statistics or case studies helps in making your answer more credible and informative. For example, mention specific cities that have experienced significant population growth and the reasons behind it.

Conclude by summarizing the key factors that you have discussed. Ensure that your conclusion reiterates how these factors collectively contribute to the situation or trend being addressed.

(7) Give out the role

In UPSC Mains, the directive “Give out the role” asks candidates to describe and elaborate on the specific functions or contributions of a person, institution, policy, or concept in a given context. This directive requires a detailed explanation of the significance and impact of the subject in question, focusing on its key responsibilities and functions.

When responding to a “Give out the role” question, start by clearly defining the subject whose role you need to elaborate on. For example, if the question is “Give out the role of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in regulating the financial sector” (UPSC Mains 2020), begin by introducing the RBI and its primary functions in the financial system.

In the main body, detail the specific roles and responsibilities. For instance, in the case of the RBI, discuss its roles such as formulating monetary policy, regulating banks, managing foreign exchange, and ensuring financial stability. Explain how these roles contribute to the overall health and stability of the financial sector.

Support your explanation with relevant examples or data to illustrate the impact of these roles. For example, mention specific measures taken by the RBI to control inflation or stabilize the currency.

Conclude by summarizing the key points about the role and reiterate its importance in the given context. A well-rounded answer will clearly articulate how the subject’s role affects the broader system or environment.

(8) Give reasons and examples to support your answer

In UPSC Mains, the directive “Give reasons and examples to support your answer” requires candidates to not only justify their responses with logical reasoning but also to substantiate their arguments with relevant examples. This approach ensures that answers are well-rounded and supported by concrete evidence, which enhances their credibility and persuasiveness.

When approaching a question with this directive, start by clearly stating your position or answer to the question. For instance, if the prompt is “Explain why the implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) has been a significant reform in India. Give reasons and examples to support your answer” (UPSC Mains 2021), begin by outlining the core reasons that make GST a noteworthy reform.

The main body of the answer should detail the reasons behind your position. Discuss how GST has streamlined the tax system by replacing multiple indirect taxes with a single tax, thereby reducing tax cascading and improving compliance. For example, you could explain how GST has simplified the tax structure for businesses and consumers, making tax filing more transparent.

In addition to providing reasons, include specific examples to illustrate your points. For instance, cite instances where businesses have reported reduced operational costs due to the removal of tax on tax. You could also refer to case studies or statistics showing improved tax collection efficiency post-GST implementation.

Ensure your response is well-structured, with a logical flow from reasons to examples. Conclude by summarizing the reasons and reinforcing the examples to highlight the overall significance of your answer.

(9) Do you think

In UPSC Mains, the directive “Do you think” invites candidates to express their opinion on a specific statement, policy, or issue. This directive requires a clear stance along with a reasoned explanation supporting your viewpoint. Unlike directives that ask for a balanced discussion or analysis, “Do you think” focuses on the candidate’s personal judgment, backed by logical reasoning and evidence.

When responding to a “Do you think” question, start by clearly stating your position. For example, if the question is “Do you think the current policies are effective in addressing the issue of unemployment in India?” (UPSC Mains 2020), begin by indicating whether you believe the policies are effective or not.

In the main body, provide a detailed justification for your stance. For instance, if you believe the policies are effective, discuss how initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Rozgar Yojana and Skill Development Programs have positively impacted employment rates. Provide specific examples, such as improvements in job creation statistics or successful case studies of skill training programs.

Alternatively, if you think the policies are not effective, outline the shortcomings. Discuss issues such as inadequate implementation, lack of skill relevance, or mismatch between job market needs and available training. Use examples like reports on the high unemployment rates among youth despite the existence of various employment schemes.

Support your argument with relevant data, statistics, or real-world examples to substantiate your viewpoint. Conclude by summarizing your main points and reinforcing your position on the effectiveness of the policies.

(10) Support your answer with suitable examples

In UPSC Mains, the directive “Support your answer with suitable examples” requires candidates to substantiate their responses with relevant and illustrative examples. This directive emphasizes the importance of not only presenting a well-reasoned argument but also demonstrating it with concrete instances or case studies that strengthen the response and provide clarity.

When addressing a question with this directive, start by clearly articulating your answer to the question posed. For instance, if the question is “Discuss the impact of technological advancements on Indian agriculture. Support your answer with suitable examples” (UPSC Mains 2019), begin by outlining how technological advancements have influenced agriculture in India.

In the main body, provide detailed explanations supported by specific examples. For instance, you might discuss how the introduction of high-yielding variety seeds has increased crop productivity. Cite examples such as the Green Revolution’s impact on wheat and rice production. Similarly, mention advancements like precision farming techniques and their role in optimizing resource use and increasing efficiency.

In addition to these examples, highlight relevant case studies or real-world scenarios. For example, refer to successful initiatives such as the use of satellite technology in monitoring crop health and predicting weather patterns, which have significantly benefited farmers.

Using examples adds credibility and depth to your answer. It helps in illustrating theoretical points with practical evidence, making your argument more persuasive. For instance, discussing the success of the e-NAM (National Agriculture Market) platform in improving market access for farmers provides a tangible example of how technology is reshaping agricultural practices.

Conclude by summarizing how the examples you provided reinforce your initial argument, emphasizing their relevance and impact. This approach not only demonstrates your understanding of the topic but also showcases your ability to connect theoretical concepts with practical applications.

(11) Critical examine

In UPSC Mains, the directive “Critical examine” requires candidates to conduct a thorough and evaluative analysis of a given statement, concept, or issue. This directive goes beyond mere description or discussion by demanding a detailed assessment of the strengths, weaknesses, and implications of the subject in question.

When answering a question with “Critical examine,” start by clearly understanding the statement or issue you are tasked to evaluate. For instance, if the question is “Critical examine the effectiveness of the Right to Information (RTI) Act in enhancing transparency and accountability in India” (UPSC Mains 2019), begin by explaining what the RTI Act is and its intended purpose.

In the main body, provide a balanced analysis. Assess the effectiveness by examining both positive and negative aspects. For example, discuss how the RTI Act has empowered citizens to seek information and hold public officials accountable, citing examples of successful RTI applications. At the same time, critically analyze the limitations of the Act, such as instances of misuse, delays in information disclosure, or resistance from public authorities.

Incorporate evidence and examples to support your analysis. Use case studies or statistics to illustrate how the RTI Act has impacted transparency. For example, mention specific instances where the RTI Act has uncovered corruption or maladministration. Conversely, discuss issues like bureaucratic hurdles or instances where requests for information have been denied unjustly.

Conclude by summarizing your critical examination, highlighting both the successes and shortcomings of the subject. Emphasize the overall impact and suggest possible improvements or reforms if applicable. This approach ensures that your answer is comprehensive and demonstrates a nuanced understanding of the topic, reflecting the ability to critically evaluate complex issues. 

(12) Analyse

In UPSC Mains, the directive “Analyse” requires candidates to break down and examine a complex issue or concept in detail. This directive involves dissecting the subject into its constituent parts to understand how these elements interact, their significance, and their overall impact. Analysis is more than mere description; it demands a deep evaluation of the underlying components and their implications.

When responding to an “Analyse” question, start by clearly defining the subject and the context. For instance, if the question is “Analyse the impact of the Digital India initiative on rural development” (UPSC Mains 2018), begin by outlining what the Digital India initiative entails and its goals related to rural development.

In the main body, dissect the issue into key components or aspects. For example, analyze how the initiative aims to improve digital infrastructure, enhance internet connectivity, and provide digital literacy in rural areas. Evaluate each aspect separately, discussing how these components contribute to or hinder rural development.

Use evidence and examples to support your analysis. For instance, discuss specific programs under Digital India, such as the Common Service Centres (CSCs) or the BharatNet project, and provide data or case studies showing their impact on rural communities. Highlight both successes and challenges faced during implementation.

Consider the interactions between different components of the initiative. For example, analyze how improved digital infrastructure has facilitated access to e-governance services and its effect on transparency and efficiency in rural administration.

Conclude by summarizing your findings, reflecting on how the various elements collectively influence the subject. Emphasize the overall effectiveness of the initiative and any areas where improvements might be needed. This approach ensures a comprehensive understanding and a well-rounded analysis, showcasing your ability to critically evaluate complex issues.

(13) Examine

In UPSC Mains, the directive “Examine” calls for a detailed investigation into a topic, requiring candidates to explore it comprehensively. This involves not only describing the subject but also critically analyzing its various dimensions, implications, and nuances.

To begin, clearly identify and outline the topic or issue. For example, if the question is “Examine the impact of the Right to Information (RTI) Act on governance in India” (UPSC Mains 2020), start by explaining what the RTI Act is and its intended goals related to governance.

In the main body of your answer, dissect the subject into key components. Discuss how the RTI Act aims to promote transparency and accountability in public administration. Explore different aspects such as how it empowers citizens to seek information, how it has been implemented, and its effectiveness in reducing corruption. Provide examples of landmark cases where the RTI Act led to significant revelations or improvements.

Support your examination with evidence and relevant examples. Use specific instances to illustrate the impact of the RTI Act, such as notable cases where information obtained through RTI led to policy changes or corrective actions. Also, address any limitations or challenges, such as bureaucratic resistance or delays in information provision, to provide a balanced view.

Conclude by summarizing the key findings from your examination. Reflect on the overall effectiveness of the subject and its broader implications. Your conclusion should tie together the various aspects discussed, offering a clear and cohesive summary of the subject’s impact or significance.

This approach ensures a thorough and nuanced analysis, demonstrating your ability to engage deeply with the topic and present a well-rounded examination.